Aortic valve stenosis and the use of TAVI: narrative review of published evidences and basic costs assessment

Abstract

Objective: To review the clinical evidences of aortic valve stenosis in its medical and economical settings, reviewing the surgical treatment alternatives in patients at high surgical risk focused on the transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) technology. Methods: A structured review of the publications related to the disease and to the surgical treatment methodologies was conducted, followed by a search for information about the TAVI methodology, with comparisons between this method and conventional approaches (surgical aortic valve replacement by means of sternotomy, valvuloplasty via intra-aortic balloon and pharmacological treatment) and comparisons between different brands and generations of TAVI devices, evaluating the treatment efficacy, safety and cost. Results: In patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who cannot be operated using the conventional approach, the use of TAVI was shown to be a safer, more effective and more economical alternative compared to the conventional treatments. The studies of the best methodology show that this is a safe, effective and curative procedure, reaching rates above 80% in 1-year survival and of approximately 30% in 5-year survival, even in patients at high risk. However, significant differences in the outcomes among different studies were observed, which may be attributed to the design and sampling as well as to the differences among the several options of TAVI devices available on the market. These options differ in structure, insertion route, expansion mode and in the several generations of valves. Third-generation valves have been presenting the best results in terms of efficacy, safety and procedure easiness, which result in more benefits to patients and balance the medium-term and long-term treatment cost. Conclusions: The most robust studies evaluating the TAVI valves show that this minimally invasive technology is effective and safe for the treatment of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis in patients at high risk or who cannot be operated.